Hemisphaerota cyanea (Say, 1823)
Imatidium cyaneum Say, 1823: 435 (TE in ?).
Porphyraspis cyaneum: Boheman, 1850: 97, 1856: 16, 1862: 41; Wagener, 1881: 53; Spaeth, 1914 g: 13.
Porphyraspis cyanea: Gemminger and Harold, 1876: 3620; Crotch, 1873: 76; Barber, 1916: 118.
Emperochela cyanea: Spaeth, 1901 a: 333.
Hemisphaerota cyanea: Barber and Bridwell, 1940: 11; Monros and Viana, 1951: 387; Woodruff, 1965: 1 (fig., larva); Beshear, 1969: 168 (bionomy); Balsbaugh and Hays, 1972: 190; Wilcox, 1975: 148; Jackman, 1976: 181 (bionomy); Borowiec, 1999 d: 28; Chaboo and Nguyen, 2004: 179 (colour photo); Świętojańska, 2009: 7.
Cassida erythrocera Germar, 1824: 11 (TE in ?ZMHU).
Porphyraspis erythrocera: Boheman, 1850: 97, 1862: 41 (as syn. of cyanea).
Cassida flavicornis: Megerle, 1803: no. 394, not C. flavicornis Olivier, 1790.
Porphyraspis atrocoerulea Sturm: Gemminger and Harold, 1876: 3620 (nomen nudum).
Host plants: Arecaceae: Acoelorhaphe wrightii, Arecastrum romanzoffianum, Chamaerops humilis, Cocos nucifera, Sabal etonia, S. minor, S. palmetto, Serenoa repens, Washingtonia robusta (Woodruff, 1965); Sabal palmetto, Serenoa repens (Beshear, 1969); Washingtonia robusta (Jackman, 1976).
Distr.: cyanea: Georgia; erythrocera: America septentrionali. USA: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Kentucky, Texas.
figure: habitus in colour
figure: fecal shield and larva